(1) For a secure login, see
FIDO.
(2) Also called a "dongle," a hardware key is a copy protection device for software that plugs into the computer's USB port. Upon startup, the application looks for the key and will run only if the key contains the appropriate code. Typically used for expensive or sensitive government software, hardware keys offer effective copy protection because they cannot be easily duplicated. However, they are not widely used today.
The Dongle Dangled
In the 1980s, hardware keys plugged into a serial or parallel port. Because there was only one of each port on the computer, the key acted as a pass-through so that other keys and peripheral devices could connect. In fact, the nickname "dongle" was derived from multiple hardware keys "dangling" off the port. See
DMCA and
dongle.
An Earlier Parallel Key
Prior to USB, earlier parallel port keys provided a pass-through so that additional keys or devices could be plugged in. The photo (top) shows the electronics inside. (Top image courtesy of SafeNet, Inc.)